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Low-risk animals for transmitting rabies include rabbits, opossums and armadillos, plus mice, rats, squirrels, nutria, shrews, prairie dogs, beavers, gophers, and other rodents (if they are caged-raised animals, they are considered very low risk). Rabies infection in a species other than the reservoir species for the variant is considered “spillover.” An example of spillover would be a cat infected with a skunk variant of rabies virus or a skunk infected with a bat variant. For instance, in Texas, animals defined as being high risk for transmitting rabies are skunks, bats, foxes, coyotes, and raccoons. The prevalent species that are transmitting rabies can vary from state to state. In the US, the most commonly reported rabid animal is the raccoon, followed by skunks and bats. In the US, most human deaths are due to exposure to rabid bats this is partly because the bite wound is so small (about the size of a hypodermic needle) that the person may not know they were bitten and, therefore, doesn’t seek medical attention and PEP. The CDC estimates that worldwide, 90 percent of exposures are due to rabid dogs those exposures cause 99 percent of the human deaths. Some animals are more likely to transmit rabies than others.Īll warm-blooded animals, particularly mammals, can acquire rabies, but some are more likely to transmit it than others.
There are also vaccination programs for wildlife, such as the Texas’ Oral Rabies Vaccination Program (ORVP) it was implemented to eliminate the domestic dog/coyote variant of rabies virus, which had reached epizootic levels in South Texas.Ģ. Animal control and rabies vaccination programs for dogs and cats are prevalent.An average of 40,000 people a year receive this prevention treatment, according to the CDC. Rabies biologicals are readily available for exposed individuals, and they are 100 percent effective if administered promptly and properly.The low number of cases compared with that in many developing countries is attributable to two key factors: However, the number of cases in humans is low in the US, with an average of two to three a year, according to the CDC. In the United States, there were 5,865 cases of laboratory-confirmed rabies cases in animals reported to the CDC in 2013. It’s difficult to assess the annual number of human rabies deaths worldwide due to under-reporting in developing countries (particularly Asian and African countries) however, it is estimated to be in the tens of thousands (possibly as high as 55,000). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it exists in every continent except Antarctica. However, rabies is not as rare as most people think, and it remains a disease of public health significance. Since it has been noted since ancient times and is relatively rare in humans in the US, it is oftentimes a forgotten disease not only by the general public but also as a differential in medical diagnoses. Rabies remains a dreaded disease because it is almost always fatal, plus it is accompanied by distressing clinical signs and symptoms however, if rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is administered before the virus enters the nervous system, it can be prevented.ĭespite its severity, there is still much the public and even health professionals may not know about rabies. The virus may then spread along nerves from the brain to the salivary glands or other parts of the body. Once the virus is in the nerve tissue, it travels along the nerve to the brain, where it continues to multiply. If the infection is not stopped at this point, the virus will eventually invade the nerve cells in that area. After the rabies virus enters the body, it begins to multiply in the area near the entry site.
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